Defenders' Experts
Erie National Wildlife Refuge - Pennsylvania
Dense stands of timber, hemlock swamps, wildflower meadows, streams and beaver ponds characterize Pennsylvania's Erie National Wildlife Refuge. The refuge attracts 237 species of birds and thousands of waterfowl rest in the refuge's wetlands during their annual migrations. Erie NWR is the only refuge in the nation protecting endangered Northern riffleshell and clubshell mussels and its diverse aquatic species include 23 other species of freshwater mussels. Although visitors come to see the refuge year- round, the brilliant displays of foliage lure many visitors in the fall.
The Threat
Warming temperatures may threaten the popular autumn display as well as wildlife habitat. The ranges of sugar maple and other northern tree species at Erie (and elsewhere in the country) are predicted to shift into Canada as a result of climate change. Southern tree species will likely dominate the refuge's forests in the future, and perching birds and other wildlife will have to adapt to a new order.
Pennsylvania will likely increase in temperature and become drier during this century, especially in the summer. Lower summer water levels, earlier spring runoff, and more intense flooding will negatively affect wetlands and riparian zones. The French Creek will suffer immensely from these changes, possibly further endangering the Northern riffleshell and clubshell mussels.
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